![]() ![]() They also commonly experience reduced school performance, peer relationship problems, and are at risk for a range of negative outcomes including substance use and antisocial problems in adulthood ( APA, 2013 Danckaerts et al., 2010). ![]() Children with ADHD present with developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity, which cause functional impairment, particularly in academic and social settings, and overall lower quality of life ( APA, 2013 Danckaerts et al., 2010). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and affects approximately 5% of school-aged children, with sex ratios (males:females) reported in the range of 3:1 to 8:1 ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013 Schachar, 2009). ![]()
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